Journal: Journal of Neurochemistry
Article Title: Unveiling the Molecular Mechanism of Intestinal Metabolite para ‐Cresol in Modulating Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Dysfunction: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
doi: 10.1111/jnc.70457
Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of p‐ Cresol on DITNC1 astrocytes. (A) Experimental workflow: (B–E) Representative images of astroglial cells incubated with vehicle (Ctrl), and concentrations of 50, 150, or 300 μM of p ‐Cresol for 24 h following CellROX (green) staining. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 20 μm. (F) Quantitative results of the DAPI + astrocyte cell count 24 h after stimulation with either vehicle or different p ‐Cresol concentrations. (G) Effects of p‐ Cresol on oxidative stress in DITNC1 cells measured using CellROX staining. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM values. Statistical analyses were conducted using two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison tests: * p < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, *** p < 0.001 vs. Ctrl, $$ p < 0.01 vs. p‐ Cresol 50 μM.
Article Snippet: DITNC1 (RRID:CVCL_0247, CRL‐2005, ATCC) rat astrocyte cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) (#D6546, Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (#2473339RP, Gibco), 2% L‐glutamine (#G7513, Sigma), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep) (P4333, Sigma).
Techniques: Incubation, Staining, Cell Characterization, Comparison